| 編號 | 類別 | 標題 | 閱讀
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
|
|---|
| 1 | 文件 | (全文 1)
| WCBE
|
|
| 2 | 文件 | (全文 2)
| WCBE
|
|
| 3 | 文件 | (全文 3)
| WCBE
|
|
| 4 | 文件 | (全文 4)
| WCBE
|
|
| 5 | 文件 | (全文 5)
| WCBE
|
|
| 6 | 文件 | PART 1 Popular ideas about language
| WCBE
|
|
| 7 | 文件 | 2 The equality of languages
| WCBE
|
|
| 8 | 文件 | 3 The magic of language
| WCBE
|
|
| 9 | 文件 | 4 The functions of language
| WCBE
|
|
| 10 | 文件 | 5 Language and thought
| WCBE
|
|
| 11 | 文件 | PART II Language and identity
| WCBE
|
|
| 12 | 文件 | 7 Psychological identity
| WCBE
|
|
| 13 | 文件 | 8 Geographical identity
| WCBE
|
|
| 14 | 文件 | 9 Ethnic and national identity
| WCBE
|
|
| 15 | 文件 | 10 Social identity
| WCBE
|
|
| 16 | 文件 | 11 Contextual identity
| WCBE
|
|
| 17 | 文件 | 12 Stylistic identity and literature
| WCBE
|
|
| 18 | 文件 | PART III The structure of language
| WCBE
|
|
| 19 | 文件 | 14 Typology and universals
| WCBE
|
|
| 20 | 文件 | 15 The statistical str.llcture of language
| WCBE
|
|
| 21 | 文件 | 16 Grammar
| WCBE
|
|
| 22 | 文件 | 17 SemanticsSemantics is the study of meaning in language. The term did not come to be widely used
| WCBE
|
|
| 23 | 文件 | 18 DictionariesA dictionary is a reference book that lists the words of one or more languages, usually in alphabetical order,
| WCBE
|
|
| 24 | 文件 | 19 NamesA name is a word or phrase that identifies a specific person, place, or thing. We see the entity as an individual,
| WCBE
|
|
| 25 | 文件 | 20 Discourse and textThe traditional concern of linguistic analysis has been the construction of sentences (**16);
| WCBE
|
|
| 26 | 文件 | 21 PragmaticsPragmatics studies the factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of
| WCBE
|
|
| 27 | 文件 | PARTIV The medium of language: speakingand listeningThe core of language study is the analysis of mean-ing and its grammatical expression - matters that are treated under the heading of
| WCBE
|
|
| 28 | 文件 | 23 The acoustics of speechSound energy is a pressure wave consisting of vib-rations of molecules in an elastic medium - such as a gas,
| WCBE
|
|
| 29 | 文件 | 24 The instrumental analysis of speechA vast array of instruments is today available for the study of speech production. A well-equipped phonetics laboratory includes
| WCBE
|
|
| 30 | 文件 | 25 Speech reception
| WCBE
|
|
| 31 | 文件 | 26 Speech interaction with machinesIs it possible to construct machines that will talk and understand speech? As early as the 18th cen-tury,
| WCBE
|
|
| 32 | 文件 | 27 The sounds of speechThe description and classification of speech sounds is the main aim of phonetic science, or phonetics.
| WCBE
|
|
| 33 | 文件 | 28 The linguistic use of soundPhonetics is the study of how speech sounds are made, transmitted, and received (**27). It is a sub-ject
| WCBE
|
|
| 34 | 文件 | 29 SuprasegmentalsIt ain't what you say, but the way that you say it.' This familiar comment, immortalized in song,
| WCBE
|
|
| 35 | 文件 | 30 Sound symbolismIt is an accepted principle of phonetic study that individual sounds do not have meanings:
| WCBE
|
|
| 36 | 文件 | PARTV The medium of language: unitingand readingThere is a curious ambiguity about the study of written language: certain aspects, such as
| WCBE
|
|
| 37 | 文件 | 32 Graphic expressionIt is traditional in language study to distinguish 'spoken' from 'written' language; but the latter term does not
| WCBE
|
|
| 38 | 文件 | 33 GraphologyGraphology, in its linguistic sense, is the study of the systems of symbols that have been devised to communicate
| WCBE
|
|
| 39 | 文件 | 34 The process of reading and writing
| WCBE
|
|
| 40 | 文件 | PART VI The medium Of language:signing and seeing
| WCBE
|
|
| 41 | 文件 | 36 Sign language structure
| WCBE
|
|
| 42 | 文件 | 37 Types of sign language
| WCBE
|
|
| 43 | 文件 | PART VII Child language acquisitionThe study of how children learn to speak has proved to be one of the most
| WCBE
|
|
| 44 | 文件 | 39 The first year
| WCBE
|
|
| 45 | 文件 | 40 Phonological developmentBy the time children are year old,they have learned great deal about the way adults
| WCBE
|
|
| 46 | 文件 | 41 Grammatical devlopment
| WCBE
|
|
| 47 | 文件 | 42 Semantic developmentThe learning of vocabulary (**17) is the most noticeable feature of the early
| WCBE
|
|
| 48 | 文件 | 43 Pragmatic developmentThe task of language acquisition requires that children learn much more than patterns
| WCBE
|
|
| 49 | 文件 | 44 Language development in school
| WCBE
|
|
| 50 | 文件 | PART VIII Language, brain, and handicap
| WCBE
|
|
| 51 | 文件 | 46 Language handicap
| WCBE
|
|
| 52 | 文件 | PART IX
| WCBE
|
|
| 53 | 文件 | 48 How many speakers?
| WCBE
|
|
| 54 | 文件 | 49 The Origins of language
| WCBE
|
|
| 55 | 文件 | 50 Families of languages
| WCBE
|
|
| 56 | 文件 | 51 The Indo-European family
| WCBE
|
|
| 57 | 文件 | 52 Other families
| WCBE
|
|
| 58 | 文件 | 53 Langeage isolatesA language isolate is a language which has no known structural or historical relationship
| WCBE
|
|
| 59 | 文件 | 54 LanguagechangeLanguages are always in a state of flux.Change affects the way people speak as inevitably
| WCBE
|
|
| 60 | 文件 | 55 Pidgins and CreolesPidgin languages
| WCBE
|
|
| 61 | 文件 | PARTX Language in the worldLanguage is the main means whereby people communicate. It is also, ironically, the main
| WCBE
|
|
| 62 | 文件 | 57 Translating and interpretingWhen people are faced with a foreign-language barrier, the usual way round it is to find
| WCBE
|
|
| 63 | 文件 | 58 Artificial languagesMany people believe that the foreign-language barrier can be surmounted through the use
| WCBE
|
|
| 64 | 文件 | 59 World languagesMany people feel that the only realistic chance of breajubg the foreign-language barrier
| WCBE
|
|
| 65 | 文件 | 60 MultilingualismPeople brought up within a western society often think that the monolingualism that forms
| WCBE
|
|
| 66 | 文件 | 61 language planingLanguage, sooner or later, proves to be a thorn in the flesh of all who govern, whether
| WCBE
|
|
| 67 | 文件 | 62 Foreign language learning and teachingTo many people, the most obvious way of reducing some of the power of the language barrier
| WCBE
|
|
| 68 | 文件 | 63 Language for special purposes
| WCBE
|
|
| 69 | 文件 | PARTXI Language and communicationIn this final Part, the aim is to place the study of language in a broader intellectual perspective.
| WCBE
|
|
| 70 | 文件 | 65 LinguisticsLanguage has been an object of fascination and a subject of serious enquiry for over
| WCBE
|
|
